Prescription Drug Abuse & Addiction
Prescription drug addiction involves people building a dependence on prescription pharmaceutical medications. In many cases, prescription drug misuse occurs due to a voluntary pursuit of the euphoric feeling that some medications provide people.
When people seek the effects of these drugs, they often misuse them by taking higher doses than what’s recommended to treat pain or sickness. Consistently taking the drug over a long period of time or increasing dosage often creates a tolerance for the effects and the substance’s presence in a person’s system. A tolerance often minimizes the effects of the drug and reduces the euphoric feeling from taking it at lower doses, requiring a larger amount to achieve the same high.
When a tolerance is built, resisting taking the drug becomes more difficult for people. The dependence on the drug is built through increasing dosage and the body’s central nervous system getting used to the drug’s presence and the help it provides the brain while performing certain functions.
Once addiction sets in, misuse becomes compulsive and difficult to overcome. Additionally, addiction to prescription drugs can cause severe long-term consequences, including physical injury and mental illness while also affecting personal and professional relationships. Fortunately, there is a way for people to remove addiction from their lives and overcome prescription drug misuse. This positive resolution is often achieved through a rehabilitation program at a reputable medical facility, such as The Recovery Village.
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The label of prescription drugs — interchangeable with prescription medication — refers to any form of pharmaceutical drugs that cannot be legally sold without a medical prescription issued by a licensed physician or doctor. Prescription drugs are different from over-the-counter drugs, as the latter can be obtained without a prescription.Since prescription drugs require a doctor’s signature to attain, they can be misused in a few different ways, including:
- Receiving them from a friend or family member who has a prescription
- Taking larger doses than the doctor recommends
- Refilling the prescription without a doctor’s order
Opioid painkillers are prescription drugs which act on the opioid receptors in the body’s nervous system in order to reduce pain. Opioids are available in various forms: tablets, capsules and liquids.Since opioids can be highly addictive, many of them require a prescription to take and are not included in over-the-counter offerings. Some of the most common opioid prescription drugs (with their most common brand names noted after) include:
- Oxycodone – Percocet, Percodan and OxyContin
- Diphenoxylate – Lomotil
- Hydrocodone – Lortab, Lorcet, Vicodin
- Morphine – Avinza, Kadian and MS Contin
- Fentanyl – Duragesic
- Codeine – Tylenol with Codeine, Vopac
- Hydromorphone – Dilaudid
- Propoxyphene – Darvon
- Methadone – Dolphine
- Meperidine – Demerol
Stimulant prescription drugs work similar to cocaine. They increase energy and alertness, while some also elevate blood pressure or suppress appetite. Many people take stimulants to treat for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, a condition with symptoms such as inattentiveness, feeling impulsive, and hyperactivity.Stimulant prescription drugs often are in pill form, but some can be taken as a skin patch or as a liquid. Some stimulants differ on how long they are effective, with three classifications: short-acting, intermediate-acting and long-acting. The most common short-acting stimulant prescription drugs include:
- Adderall
- Dexedrine
- Focalin
- ProCentra
- Ritalin
- Zenzedi
- Evekeo
- Metadate ER
- Methylin ER
- Ritalin SR
- Adzenys XR-ODT
- Adderall XR
- Concerta
- Daytrana
- Focalin XR
- Metadate CD
- Mydayis
- Quillivant XR
- Quillichew ER
- Ritalin LA
- Vyvanse
Similar to marijuana or alcohol, central nervous system depressants slow down brain activity similar to sedatives or tranquilizers. They are often referred to as “downers” to distinguish them from “uppers,” a common nickname for narcotics and stimulants like Adderall and cocaine. Most depressants work by controlling the secretion of the brain neurotransmitter known as gamma-aminobutyric acid. This causes a decrease in brain activity, leading to a feeling of calmness and drowsiness.Depressants are often prescribed to people suffering from sleep issues or anxiety disorders. The most commonly prescribed central nervous system depressants include:
- Benzodiazepines
- Non-benzodiazepine sleep medications
- Barbiturates
Antipsychotics are prescription drugs that can treat psychological disorders such as schizophrenia or issues stemming from bipolar disorder. There are two classes of antipsychotic drugs:
- Typical, older
- Atypical, newer
Speak to a Prescription Drugs Intake Coordination Specialist now.
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Your call is confidential, and there's no pressure to commit to treatment until you're ready. As a voluntary facility, we're here to help you heal -- on your terms. Our sole focus is getting you back to the healthy, sober life you deserve, and we are ready and waiting to answer your questions or concerns 24/7.
Speak with an Intake Coordination Specialist now.352.771.2700Most prescription drug addiction comes from either opioids, for pain relief, or from those taken to treat psychological conditions. Prescription drug abuse often stems from either reinforcing or reducing some functions in the body. Over time, the person needs to take the drug for the body to properly function. This is one of the major withdrawal symptoms associated to drug addiction.Some people are more likely to become addicted to a prescription drug than others due to several factors, including:
- Height, weight and other personal characteristics
- The drug they are taking
- Whether they are treating a disorder or chronic pain
Addiction to prescription drugs is most common among young adults, between the ages 18 and 24. Some of the most glaring prescription drug abuse statistics about this age bracket, courtesy of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, include:
- In 2014, more than 1,700 young adults died from prescription drug overdose, mostly due to opioids
- Around 12 percent of people in this age range misuses prescription drugs
- For every death due to prescription drug overdose, there were 119 emergency room visits and 22 treatment admissions among young people
Opioids and morphine-derivative pain-relief medicines are among the prescription drugs most often misused and that are commonly associated with addiction. While each person is different and some people could be more or less susceptible to addiction to different drugs, some of the ones often linked to addiction include:
- Codeine
- Morphine
- Methadone
- Amphetamine
- Methylphenidate
- Barbiturates
- Benzodiazepines
Codeine, an opioid commonly taken to relieve mild to severe pain, is found in some medication used for treating cough and even diarrhea. When used for pain relief, codeine is often prescribed along with paracetamol, or other medications such as aspirin or ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.Codeine is the most common opiate prescribed and the most misused one around the world. Every year, around 300,000 kilograms of codeine are consumed. In some countries, cough syrups and tablets containing codeine are available without a prescription, making it easy for people to become addicted to the drug. Some of the most common commercial names for codeine are:
- Empirin with Codeine
- Fiorinal with Codeine
- Robitussin A-C
- Tylenol with Codeine
- Cody
- Captain Cody
- Schoolboy
- Doors and fours
- Loads
- Pancakes and syrup
Morphine is an opiate pain-relief medication, which is found naturally in several plants and animals, and acts directly on the central nervous system to relieve both acute and chronic pain. Although more than 500,000 kilograms of morphine are produced each year, only a small percentage is used directly in pain relief medication. More than 70 percent of the morphine produced is used to make other opioids such as oxycodone, hydromorphone and heroin. Morphine is included in many commercial drugs, including:
- Roxanol
- Duramorph
- MS Contin
- Morphine Sulfate ER
- Kadian
- Miss Emma
- Monkey
- White stuff
Methadone is an opioid with perhaps the most controversial usage and is often taken to reduce withdrawal symptoms of narcotics such as heroin. However, some medical experts have questioned the effectiveness of methadone in treating people with heroin misuse disorders. They argue that methadone only serves to redirect dependency from illegal to authorized channels and is not a viable strategy to recover from drug addiction. Some of the most common names for methadone are:
- Dolophine
- Symoron
- Amidone
- Methadose
- Physeptone
- Heptadon
Amphetamine is a very potent stimulant mainly used in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Many patients taking amphetamine develop a drug tolerance very quickly, meaning that over time they require increasingly higher doses to achieve the same effects. Due to the required increase in dosage, people often become addicted to drugs that include amphetamine, such as Adderall.Some of the most common street names for amphetamine include:
- Bennies
- Black beauty
- Crosses
- Hearts
- LA turnaround
- Speed
- Truck driver
- Upper
Methylphenidate, a stimulant in the phenethylamine family of drugs, helps treat ADHD and narcolepsy. The substance is in a variety of commercial drugs, including:
- Ritalin
- Aptensio
- Daytrana
- Equasym
- Medikinet
- Metadate
- Methylin
- QuilliChew
- Quillivant
Barbiturates, which are derived from barbiturate acid, include certain derivatives that enhance the action of GABA. Barbiturates have been discovered to cause severe physical and psychological dependence. This, coupled with the fact that some more effective and much safer drugs have come to the market, has resulted in significant decrease in the prescription of barbiturates by doctors for the treatment of anxiety, amnesia and epilepsy.
Benzodiazepines are a special class of inhibitors. Specifically, they act on the GABA-A receptors where they open certain GABA-activated chloride channels to allow chloride ions to enter the neuron. The presence of chloride ions makes the neurons negatively charged, which causes people to become less likely to get excited. Benzodiazepines are ingredients in the following popular commercial drugs: Benzodiazepines have a few common street names, including:
- Sleeping pills
- Candy
- Downers
- Tranks
Anson, Pat. “Sharp Rise in Suboxone Emergency Room Visits.” National Pain Report, 31 Jan. 2013, nationalpainreport.com/sharp-rise-in-suboxone-emergency-room-visits-8818470.html. Accessed 27 Feb. 2017. Blum, Kenneth, et al. “Withdrawal from Buprenorphine/Naloxone and Maintenance with a Natural Dopaminergic Agonist: A Cautionary Note.” PubMed Central, National Institutes of Health, 22 Nov. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3835595/. Accessed 2 Feb. 2017. “Buprenorphine Sublingual and Buccal (Opioid Dependence).” MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 16 Sept. 2016, medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605002.html#discontinued. Accessed 2 Feb. 2017. “Buprenorphine.” DEA Diversion Control Division, U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, July 2013, www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/buprenorphine.pdf. Accessed 2 Feb. 2017. “The DAWN Report: Emergency Department Visits Involving Buprenorphine.” Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 29 Jan. 2013, www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/DAWN106/DAWN106/sr106-buprenorphine.htm. Accessed 2 Feb. 2017. “Is Buprenorphine Addictive?” The National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment, www.naabt.org/faq_answers.cfm?ID=33. Accessed 2 Feb. 2017. Mental Health Daily. “How Long Does Suboxone Stay In Your System?” Mental Health Daily, mentalhealthdaily.com/2015/10/28/how-long-does-suboxone-stay-in-your-system/. Accessed 27 Feb. 2017. National Center for Biotechnology Information. “Buprenorphine.” The PubChem Open Chemistry Database, pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/buprenorphine#section=Metabolism-Metabolites. Accessed 27 Feb. 2017. National Center for Biotechnology Information. “Naloxone.” The PubChem Open Chemistry Database, pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/naloxone#section=Top. Accessed 27 Feb. 2017. “Opioids.” Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 23 Feb. 2016, www.samhsa.gov/atod/opioids. Accessed 2 Feb. 2017. Schuman-Olivier, Z., et al. “Benzodiazepine Use During Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Dependence: Clinical and Safety Outcomes.” National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, 1 Oct. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23688843. Accessed 2 Feb. 2017. Sontag, Deborah. “Addiction Treatment With a Dark Side.” The New York Times, 16 Nov. 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/11/17/health/in-demand-in-clinics-and-on-the-street-bupe-can-be-savior-or-menace.html. Accessed 2 Feb. 2017. “Suboxone Dosing Guide.” The National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment, www.naabt.org/documents/Suboxone_Dosing_guide.pdf . Accessed 2 Feb. 2017. “Suboxone: The New Drug Epidemic?” National Pain Report, 23 Sept. 2013, www.nationalpainreport.com/suboxone-new-drug-epidemic-8821747.html. Accessed 2 Feb. 2017. “SUBOXONE® (Buprenorphine and Naloxone) Sublingual Film (CIII).” Suboxone.com, Indivior Inc., Dec. 2016, www.suboxone.com/content/pdfs/prescribing-information.pdf. Accessed 2 Feb. 2017. “What Exactly is Buprenorphine?” The National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment, www.naabt.org/faq_answers.cfm?ID=2 . Accessed 2 Feb. 2017.
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352.771.2700What to expect when I call?Seeking addiction treatment can feel overwhelming. We know the struggle, which is why we're uniquely qualified to help.
Your call is confidential, and there's no pressure to commit to treatment until you're ready. As a voluntary facility, we're here to help you heal -- on your terms. Our sole focus is getting you back to the healthy, sober life you deserve, and we are ready and waiting to answer your questions or concerns 24/7.
Speak with an Intake Coordination Specialist now.352.771.2700