Prescription Drug Abuse & Addiction

• oxycodone (Percocet, OxyContin, Percodan)
• diphenoxylate (Lomotil)
• hydrocodone (Lortab, Vicodin, Lorcet)
• morphine (Avinza, Kadian, MS Contin)
• fentanyl (Duragesic)
• codeine
• hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
• propoxyphene (Darvon)
• methadone
• meperidine (Demerol)

When taken according to a doctor’s prescription, opioids are very effective in easing pain. As such, they are often prescribed to improve the quality of life of people living with chronic pain. For example, after surgery and in cancer treatment. However, tolerance and dependence on opioids develops fast, and addiction can develop within 1-2 weeks of regular dosage.

In case of overdose, opioids result in serious side effects including death and if abused in combination with sedatives, the risk of respiratory failure is high.

• Benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), triazolam (Halcion), and estazolam (ProSom). These are often prescribed to treat acute stress reactions, panic attack, and severe stress reactions. However, if taken regularly for some time, one develops dependence, tolerance and addiction.
• Non-benzodiazepine sleep medications such as eszopiclone (Lunesta), zalepon (Sonata), and zolpidem (Ambien). They act on the same receptors as benzodiazepines, but they have a relatively lower risk of dependence.
• Barbiturates such as phenobarbital (Luminal Sodium),mephobarbital (Mebaral), and pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal). They are prescribed less often compared to above described sedatives because they pose a higher risk of overdose.

Most CNS depressants work by controlling the secretion of the brain neurotransmitter known as GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) which once in the blood, works to decrease brain activity, leading to a feeling of calmness and drowsiness.

1. Older or Typical Antipsychotics: They were discovered in the 50s and since then, they have grown to become the most established antipsychotics. They include flupentixol, chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, haloperidol, perphenazine and pericyazine.
2. Newer or Atypical Antipsychotics: These are second generation antipsychotic drugs. They include clozapine, aripiprazole, amisulpride, olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine.

However, it is worth noting that not all drugs in these categories are addictive. A good example is Tylenol, a drug used for pain relief as well as suppressing symptoms of fever, but it does not cause dependency or addiction.

1. Biology: Half of the risk of addiction to a drug comes from someone’s genetics and biological makeup. This includes factors like gender (with males being more prone to addiction than females), ethnicity, history of mental disorders, and the family’s history of drug abuse (including prescription drug abuse).

2. Social Environment: There are many social environment factors that can make one more likely to engage in prescription drug abuse or illicit drug abuse. These range from family and friends, economic status and general quality of life. Other indicative factors include peer pressure, mental stress, parental guidance and early exposure to drug abuse (including prescription drug abuse).

3. Development: A person is more likely to engage in prescription drug abuse and become addicted if he or she begins taking them at certain stages of their life than at others. A person in their teenage years is at the highest risk of developing addiction. This is because these are the years when critical areas of the brain central to functions such as judgment, decision making and self-control are developing at a rapid rate.

Codeine occurs naturally and it makes 2% of opium. It is the most common opiate prescribed, and the most abused around the world. Every year, around 300,000 kilograms of codeine are consumed.

In most countries, cough syrups and tablets containing codeine are available without a prescription, meaning it easy to access and abuse codeine. In fact, a recent study showed that many heroin addicts routinely consume codeine based syrups to ward off withdrawal symptoms when the actual illegal drug is unavailable or unaffordable.

Common Commercial Names for Codeine:

• Empirin with Codeine
• Fiorinal with Codeine
• Robitussin A-C
• Tylenol with Codeine

Common Street Names for Codeine:

• Cody
• Captain Cody
• Schoolboy
• Doors and fours
• Loads
• Pancakes and syrup

Common Commercial Names for Morphine:

• Roxanol
• Duramorph
• MS Contin
• Morphine Sulfate ER
• Kadian

Common Street Names for Morphine:

• Miss Emma
• Monkey
• White stuff

 Common Commercial Names for Amphetamine:

• Biphetamine
• Adderall
• Dexedrine

Common Street Names for Amphetamine:

• Bennies
• Black beauty
• Crosses
• Hearts
• LA turnaround
• Speed
• Truck driver
• Upper

Common Commercial Names for Methylphenidate:

• Ritalin
• Aptensio
• Daytrana,
• Equasym,
• Medikinet
• Metadate
• Methylin
• QuilliChew
• Quillivant

Common Street Names for Methylphenidate:

• JIF
• R-ball
• MPH
• Vitamin R
• The smart drug
• Skippy

Common Commercial Names for Barbiturates:

• Allobarbital
• Amobarbital
• Aprobarbital
• Alphenal
• Barbital
• Brallobarbital
• Pentobarbital
• Secobarbital

Common Street Names for Barbiturates:

• Barbs
• Reds
• Tooies
• Yellows
• Yellow jackets

Common Commercial Names for Benzodiazepines:

• Ativan
• Librium
• Xanax
• Halcion
• Valium
• Klonopin

Common Street Names for Benzodiazepines:

• Sleeping pills
• Candy
• Downers
• Tranks

There is currently no reliable statics to show the overlap between different classes of prescription drugs. However, the available data still paints a very grim picture of the danger posed to public health by prescription drug abuse.